Faházak Irkutszkból / Wooden Houses in Irkutsk

Szibéria fa építészete három szakaszba sorolható:

1.Első telepesek idején nagy barna fa kunyhókban éltek az emberek, amik tárolásra szolgáló pincével rendelkeztek. A pince a legjellemzőbb vonása a szibériai házaknak

2. XVIII. század közepén megjelent a tornác és az erkély, az ablakok kiszélesedtek, az pincében pedig a konyhát alakították ki.

3. XIX. század első felében a szerkezetek bonyolultabbá váltak. Veranda és padlás alakult ki a házakban. A homlokzatot faragások díszitették, különöleges hangsúlyt fektetve az ablakokra. Az amberek akkoriban úgy gondolták, hogy az ablakon gonosz lelkek lépnek be. Ettől védte meg őket a díszítés.

Irkutszkban a leggyakoribb háztípus, a pincével és a ház hátsó részében magas terasszal és erkéllyel rendelkező házak. Általában 5-6 ablak nézett az utcára. Az ablakok meglehetősen nagyok. A plasztikus redőnyök kék és zöld színekben pompáznak. A szibériai faházak fenyőből és cédrusból készülnek. Néha az alapokat vörösfenyőből készítik, mert ha nedvesség éri olyan erős lesz, mint a vas.

Források:

http://www.baikalex.com/info/irkutsk.html

http://koos.hu/2009/01/12/tradicionalis-orosz-fahazak/



Szabó Boglárka

Nivkhi (chadryu), Yakuts (bala^an), and the Selkup (karamo), while the Koryaks had a many-sided dugout dwelling with two entrances, and the Chukchi Eskimos built structures from the skulls and bones of whales and other marine animals (chuk, wa\laran).
The oldest and most widespread post-framed structures were pyramidal or truncated pyramidal, built either at ground level or, in many cases, as dugouts. Generally the pyramidal structure had a frame of 4, 8 or 12 inclined posts fastened together at the top and this frame was covered with poles, split logs, bark, turf, earth or snow. Truncated pyramidal (hipped) structures, unlike the pyramidal ones, the four corner-posts held together at the top in a quadrilateral frame which formed a roof 'I'his had a hole in it to let the smoke out, and was also used as one of the entrances in large dwellings.
Large frame structures, especially dugout ones, were generally permanent winter dwellings. Where, like the flolomo, they were surface dwellings, they were likely to be seasonal. Most light frame structures were temporär)' or seasonal or were shelters for people on the move: the dual-pitch lean-to u^dan of the Evenki, the aunzn of the Ulchis, the daura of the Oroks and the Ulchis, the dzhuijdy of the Orochi, the spherical or hemispherical marma of the Selkup, the tunus or mus of the Kets, the dauro of the Nanais, the slashed cylinder-shaped khomiran of the Ulchi,
the rectangular gabled pole-and-bark structure (nivkh. kliomorti) and the tonto-khot of the Khant\'s, the lava of the Orochis, the Sûs-kol of the Mansi, and the om-riju of the Nivkhi.
There were log structures without a frame (kimiit, yukh-khat, khat sokh, mans, nor-khol, yakh, pouarnya, niukh and potha-ryu), wherein branches were joined at the corners in a variet)' of ways (e.g. saddle-notched, dog-head, with the logs projecting at the corners, or with a ridge-beam). This t)'pe of building could be surface, below ground or on piles. Sometimes they were permanent winter houses and sometimes they were used as grain barns. The roof could be flat, pyramidal or gabled with a smoke-hole at the ridge-beam. The layout was generally square or rectangular, but the Yakuts, Khakass and Altai used to have many-sided log houses. They were heated by an open hearth stove of wattle and clay (chuual), or by an iron stove. In most cases the technique was adopted from the Russians, but some peoples, like the Khantys, Mansi, Teleyuts and the people of Amuriya, developed their own primitive versions.

Wooden houses, like the Khant)' yukh-kat, were made of planks with ver)' close corners, sometimes slotted into grooves in the corner-posts, sometimes wedged between pairs of corner-posts, sometimes mitred. The latter belong to a later period (igth century). They were used as summer houses by the I<.hant)'s, Mansi, Altai, Teleyuts and people of Amuriya. The Ob Ugris had a house with a boarded pediment and walls reinforced inside and out with pairs of vertical poles and beams joined together with special clamps through apertures in the plank walls, or alternatively with ropes made from cedar root (up to three strengtheners for each wall).
Stone houses, without a timber frame, were found among Siberian Tatar town-dwellers.

Irkutsk faház_szov839.txt