Bandiagara sziklalakások Dogon falu / Dogon Cluster Dwelling

Szerkesztés: 564. oldal.

https://maps.google.hu/maps?ll=14.345785,-3.606777&spn=0.009791,0.016512&t=h&z=17&lci=com.panoramio.all

Mali köztársaság középső részén él a dogon nép. Hagyományos építészetük kétféle szituációban jelenik meg; az egyik a síkvidéki dogon falu, a másik a sziklák közé épített (Bandiagara Cliff Dwellings) változat. Mindkettő hasonló alapelemekből építkezik. Különböző funkciójú épületek vesznek körül egy családi udvart, ahol az épületek vályogtéglából készülnek, közöttük szárazon rakott kőfalak alkotják a kerítést. A lakóépületek lapostetősek, a magtárak növényi anyagból készült kúpos tetőt kapnak. Egy család kb. 30-50 négyzetméteres területen él.

Források:
dogonok
dogon építészet és művészet
sziklák között, alatt, mellett
learning from vernacular
alaprajz, metszet
turistának, enyészetnek
nagymecset, szintén sárból

Jancsó Miklós

1.VII.4 I Proportional measure (Micronesia)
House construction in the west-central Caroline atolls of Micronesia is based on a system of proportional measurements rather than multiples of fixed units. Fixed units (e.g., finger lengths, hand spans, cubits, yards and fathoms) are primarily referential in house construction. The proportional system operates as follows.
A housebuilder (senap) chooses a log as the first mainplate for the roof He squares it and extends a sennit-fibre measuring
line from one end to the other where it is knotted to establish length. This key measurement is transferred to another timber which has been chosen as the second mainplate. The lengths of the other important structural parts of the roof- tie-beams, kingposts, and rafter positions - are proportions of this mainplate length. The carpenter folds the measuring cord in half to obtam the length of each tie-beam which together with the mainplates form the quadrangular base of the roof He again folds the cord (now one-quarter of its original length and half the length of a tie-beam) to establish the length of each of the two kingposts. Each of these is seated vertically midway along its respective tie-beam. A ridge-pole links the two kingposts and is extended one arm's length beyond the kingpost at each end. The pitch of the roof is determined by the height of the kingposts. Before the residents of the Woleai-Lamotrek area were converted to Christianity in the late 1950s, three different kingpost lengths were used, depending on the type of dwelling being constructed. A dwelling for ordinary residents had a kingpost length as just described giving a roof pitch of 45°. However, a chief's house had longer kingposts and thus a more steeply pitched roof (57°). This was obtained by halving the measuring line once again and adding this length to the ordinary kingpost length. And finally, if the house being built were intended as an abode for spirits the measuring line was halved once more and this length was added to the length of a chief's house kingpost, resulting in a roof pitch of 62°.
Rafter locations are established using the same technique. The carpenter places a rafter at each end of the mainplate (with upper ends of the rafters resting on the ridge-pole above). He folds the mainplate measuring line in half and marks this length on the respective mainplates as the location for the middle rafters (uiol-nuij). He halves the line again to fix locations for rafters midway between each end rafter and its respective ujolnutj. The halving procedure is repeated yet once more to obtain a final set of points midway between each pair of rafters already in place. In this way
nine rafters are set on each mainplate - two end rafters, one itiol-nu^, two midway rafters (one between each end rafter and uiolnu^) and four others (midway between all the sets mentioned). Traditionally this halving technique is so important that it is retained even when small seven-rafter houses are built. Since it is not possible to space seven rafters evenly in the manner just described a carpenter must resort to a complex manipulation of the technique in order to obtain the required lengths. However, it should be emphasized that he does not fold the measuring line into one-third units which could more easily space seven rafters as this would apparendy violate the 'halving' principle (Alkire, 1970).
The proportional and halving measurement system used in house construction is part of a larger mathematical system that is founded on two counting techniques - an ordinary or secular decimal system and a ritual 'recursive dualism' system. The latter is based on multiples of twos, fours and eights and is important in a variety of ritual contexts including divination, navigation, curing, and ritual exchanges.

Dogon falu_szov564_65.txt

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